The nature of the learners
This stage of learning coincides with social, physical and cognitive changes associated with adolescence. Increased cognitive maturity enables learners to work more deductively with language and culture systems, to apply more intentional learning strategies and to reflect productively on their learning. Motivation and engagement with language learning and use are influenced by peer group dynamics, personal interests and values and issues related to self-concept. This is particularly the case for bilingual learners for whom the duality of living between languages and cultural frames impacts continually on the process of identity construction. The role of language is central to this process and is reflected in the degree to which learners define themselves as members of language communities, how they position themselves in relation to peer groups, the choices they make in relation to linguistic and social practices. These processes are fluid and context-responsive and impact on learners’ engagement with both Hindi and English language learning.
Hindi language learning and use
This is a period of language exploration, vocabulary expansion and experimentation with different modes of communication (for example, digital and hypermedia, collaborative performance and group discussions). Greater control of language structures and systems increases confidence and interest in communicating in a wider range of contexts. Learners use Hindi to communicate and interact; to access and exchange information; to express feelings and opinions; to participate in imaginative and creative experiences; and to design, interpret and analyse a wider range of texts and experiences. They use language in different contexts more fluently, with a greater degree of self-correction and repair. They reference the accuracy of their written language against a stronger frame of grammatical and systems knowledge. They demonstrate understanding of language variation and change, and of how intercultural experience, technology, media and globalisation influence language use and forms of communication.
Contexts of interaction
Learners interact with peers, teachers and other Hindi speakers in immediate and local contexts, and with wider Hindi-speaking communities and cultural resources via virtual and online environments. They may participate in community events such as film or cultural festivals, intercultural forums or exchange travel opportunities.
Texts and resources
Learners use an extensive range of texts and materials designed for in-class learning of Hindi, such as textbooks, literary texts, teacher-generated materials and online resources. Learning is enriched by exposure to authentic materials designed for or generated by young Hindi speakers, such as blogs, video clips, discussion forums, television programs or newspaper features. Learners are encouraged to source additional materials to support their own learning and to pursue personal interests in aspects of Hindi language and associated cultures.
Features of Hindi language use
Learners extend and consolidate grammatical knowledge, including the use of compound sentences by using postpositions मैं पहले दिल्ली जाऊँगा और अपना काम पूरा करने के बाद कोलकता पहुँचूँगा। and of a range of tenses to describe events and personal experiences, पिछले वर्ष जैसे हमने होली का त्योहार मनाया था उसी प्रकार इस वर्ष भी हम होली का त्योहार धूमधाम से मनाएंगे।. They make passive and active voice distinctions, राम उर्दू लिख रहा ह, उर्दू लिखी जा रही है, understand the appropriate use of participles and the function and use of case, ने, को, से, के लिए, में, पर. Their vocabulary knowledge expands to include more abstract words and specialised vocabulary drawn from other learning areas or areas of wider personal interest. Textual knowledge and capability are strengthened through maintaining a balance between activities that focus on language forms and structures and communicative tasks and performance. Learners recognise, analyse and construct different types of texts for different purposes and audiences. Task characteristics and conditions at this level are more complex and challenging, involving collaborative as well as independent language planning and performance, and development and strategic use of language and cultural resources. Elements of tasks involve interpreting, creating, evaluating and performing. Working with media resources, fiction and non-fiction texts, performances and research projects allows for exploration of themes of personal and contemporary relevance (for example, global and environmental issues, identity and relationship issues, questions of diversity and inclusivity). Learners investigate texts through more critical analysis, identifying how language choices reflect perspectives and shape meaning, and how they in turn are shaped by context and intention.
Learners at this level understand the relationship between language, culture and identity. They explore in more depth and detail the processes involved in learning and using different languages, recognising the role of cognitive, cultural and personal as well as linguistic resources. They identify how meaning-making and representation in different languages involve interpretation and personal response as well as literal translation and factual reporting. They explore the reciprocal nature of intercultural communication: how moving between different languages and cultural systems impacts on their ways of thinking and behaving; and how successful communication requires flexibility, awareness and openness to alternative ways. They develop the capacity to ‘decentre’ from normative ways of thinking and communicating, to consider their own cultural ways through the eyes of others, and to communicate in interculturally appropriate ways.
Level of support
While learners are increasingly less reliant on the teacher for support during communicative interactions, continued support, provision of rich language input and modelled language is needed to consolidate and sustain the learning of Hindi. The teacher provides both implicit and explicit modelling and scaffolding in relation to meaningful language use in a range of contexts, situations and learning experiences, and explicit instruction and explanation in relation to complex structures, grammatical functions and abstract concepts and vocabulary. Provision of opportunities to discuss, clarify, rehearse and apply their knowledge is critical in consolidating knowledge and skills and developing autonomy. Learners are encouraged to self-monitor, for example, by keeping records of feedback and through peer support and self-review.
The role of English
Learners and teachers use Hindi as the primary medium of interaction in language-oriented and most content-oriented learning experiences. English is used for comparative analysis and for elements of discussion or conceptual analysis which may be better responded to in English than in Hindi. Learners are supported to reflect on the different roles English and Hindi play in their academic work.
By the end of Year 10, students initiate, sustain and extend a range of spoken and written formal and informal interactions about young people’s interests, behaviours and values, for example, आप कब वापस आये?, आप के जीवन में सुखी जीवन को व्यतीत करने के क्या उपाय हैं?तुम्हारे विचार में संयुक्त और एकल परिवार में से कौन सी पारिवारिक सरंचना आज के युग में ज़्यादा उपयुक्त है? आप के विचार में आज की युवा पीढ़ी पर किस का प्रभाव पड़ रहा है? तुम अपने दोस्तों के बारे में कुछ बताओ. They participate in activities that involve interactions, transactions, negotiations and managing different opinions and social/cultural behaviours, for example, यह ठीक है, हम सब मिल कर करेंगे, हमें इस में कुछ चित्र भी सम्मिलित करने चाहिये?, क्यों न हम सब ..., यही उचित रहेगा। आपको इसमें से एक चुनना है. When interacting, they use culturally appropriate expressions and protocols, for example, धन्यवाद, आप का बहुत बधाई हो ।अपनी पुत्री के शुभ विवाह पर मैं आपको आमंत्रित करना चाहता हूँ । मैं नेहा बेटी को आशीर्वाद देने ज़रूर आऊँगा। यह मेरा सौभाग्य है कि आप ने मुझे इतने महत्त्वपूर्ण अवसर में सम्मिलित होने का अवसर दिया, किन्तु मैं किसी कारणवश नहीं आ पाऊँगा।. They extend discussions and justify their views by asking open-ended questions and providing elaborated responses, for example, इस विषय पर आपके क्या विचार हैं, आप क्या सोचते हैं?, इसका क्या प्रभाव पड़ेगा मुझे विस्तार से बताओ। मेरे कहने का तात्पर्य है कि …, तुम यह कहना चाहते हो कि…, मुझे लगता है कि …. When speaking, they apply pronunciation rules and rhythm, including social and regional variations, to complex sentences. They research, interpret and evaluate information and perspectives on social issues or issues of interest to young people, and identify how culture and context influence the way information is presented. They convey information and perspectives using different text types and modes of presentation. They respond to different expressive and imaginative texts by analysing techniques and cultural influences used for aesthetic, humorous or emotional effects. Students create imaginative texts to express ideas, attitudes and emotions through characters, events and settings relating to bilingual and bicultural experiences. When creating texts, they use a variety of grammatical elements, such as joining rules, for example, आ+ओ=औ, क्+अ+ल= कल, कारक ; case, for example, ने, को, से, के लिए, में, पर; and a range of tenses and participles, for example, आ, ई, ऐ, जाना, वाला, रहा, सकना, पहुँचना, दिल्ली जाने वाले लोग, साइकिल पर लड़की चल रही है to produce complex sentences such as मैं पहले दिल्ली जाऊँगा फिर वहाँ से बम्बई जाऊँगा; कल मैं काम खत्म कर के आपने साथियो के साथ खेलने जाऊँगा. Students compare translations and interpretations of literary, community and social media texts, including those that use both Hindi and English. They create a range of bilingual texts that reflect the nature of their own and each other’s intercultural experience. They describe their experience of being bilingual or multilingual and explain the relationship between language, culture and identity.
Students apply their understanding of complex pronunciation rules and writing conventions, such as variations between spoken and written Hindi and between Sanskrit and Perso-Arabic script. They explain how elements of grammar and word formation allow for the expression of ideas and meaning. They analyse and construct a range of texts for different purpose and audiences and identify cultural, textual and contextual features. They explain how and why variations in Hindi language use relate to roles, relationships and contexts of interaction. Students identify and categorise changes to Hindi and to other languages in different domains of use such as education and popular culture. They explain how being bilingual or multilingual affects the ways they and their peers think, behave and communicate.